Abstract
In this study, ion-exclusion/cation-exchange chromatography (IEC/CEC) using dual-ion-exchange groups (carboxy and sulfo groups) for the simultaneous determination of anions (SO42−, Cl−, NO3−, and HPO42−) and cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) was developed. By using the combination of dual-ion-exchange groups, simultaneous separation of inorganic ions with HPO42− was achieved that was impossible by the conventional IEC/CEC based on the single-ion-exchange group (carboxy group). This method was applied to the monitoring of inorganic ionic nutrients in fertilizer solution samples in hydroponic culture. As a result, a higher peak resolution of inorganic anions and cations with phosphate ion using IEC/CEC with dual-ion-exchange groups was achieved in the absence of matrix effects. In addition, the developed method helps to understand the behavior of ionic nutrients in fertilizer solution during hydroponic cultivation and is potentially useful for the individual fertilization of ionic nutrients.
Highlights
This study aims to: develop a high-resolution ion-exclusion/cation-exchange chromatography (IEC/CEC) using dual-ion-exchange groups for simultaneous separation of common inorganic ions with HPO4 2 − without using a post-column derivatization system, demonstrate the usefulness of the developed IEC/CEC system for the monitoring of fertilizer solution used in hydroponic cultivation, and understand the timing of fertilizer addition under hydroponic cultivation
A conventional IEC/CEC system was developed for the simulIn a previous study, a conventional IEC/CEC system was developed for the simultataneous separation of common inorganic anions and cations, excluding phosphate ion, neous separation of common inorganic anions and cations, excluding phosphate ion, in in environmental water samples such as rain, snow, river, and dam lake water [11,12,13]
The anionic species were separated through the ion-exclusion mechathis system, the anionic species were separated through the ion-exclusion mechanism, nism, while the cationic species were separated through the cation-exchange mechanism
Summary
When an analytical sample contains phosphate ion, a visible detector based on the molybdenum-yellow or molybdenum-blue reaction is used as post-column derivatization to detect the phosphate ion individually, following the IEC/CEC separation with a conductivity detector [14,15] Such a system requires an additional detector (e.g., a visible detector operating at 370 or 510 nm of wavelength), one or two pumps for delivering the reagents, and a reaction coil for enhancing the colorimetric efficiency. This study aims to: develop a high-resolution IEC/CEC using dual-ion-exchange groups (carboxy and sulfo groups) for simultaneous separation of common inorganic ions with HPO4 2 − without using a post-column derivatization system, demonstrate the usefulness of the developed IEC/CEC system for the monitoring of fertilizer solution used in hydroponic cultivation, and understand the timing of fertilizer addition under hydroponic cultivation
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