Abstract
There have been tremendous efforts to develop new synthetic methods for creating novel nanoparticles (NPs) with enhanced and desired properties. Among the many synthetic approaches, NP synthesis through ion exchange is a versatile and powerful technique providing a new pathway to design complex structures as well as metastable NPs, which are not accessible by conventional syntheses. Herein, we introduce kinetic and thermodynamic factors controlling the ion exchange reactions in NPs to fully understand the fundamental mechanisms of the reactions. Additionally, many representative examples are summarized to find related advanced techniques and unique NPs constructed by ion exchange reactions. Cation exchange reactions mainly occur in chalcogenide compounds, while anion exchange reactions are mainly involved in halogen (e.g. perovskite) and metal-chalcogenide compounds. It is expected that NP syntheses through ion exchange reactions can be utilized to create new devices with the required properties by virtue of their versatility and ability to tune fine structures.
Highlights
Among many chemical and physical methods, solution-based colloidal synthesis has been widely studied because the size and shape of the nanoparticles (NPs) can be readily adjusted and uniform NPs can be achieved [34–40]
Most of the NPs formed by directly colloidal synthesis have the stable phase, composition, and morphology to satisfy the thermodynamic conditions [54]
The NPs transformed by an ion exchange method often yield heterostructures [57], core–shell structures [58–63], and metastable phases [55, 64] that are difficult to achieve via conventional syntheses
Summary
Unlike a bulk material system, the advantage of nanomaterials is the ability to control their physical and chemical properties depending on their size and shape These unique properties provide great opportunities for a wide range of applications, such as electrocatalysts [1–7], photovoltaic cells [8–11], batteries [12–15], sensors [16–19], biomedical [20–22] and electronic devices [23–25]. Among many chemical and physical methods, solution-based colloidal synthesis has been widely studied because the size and shape of the nanoparticles (NPs) can be readily adjusted and uniform NPs can be achieved [34–40]. This method is a bottom-up approach in which the NPs are formed on the atomic. We show the evolution in the characteristics of the NPs through cation reactions and their device applications
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