Abstract
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of SNP (sodium nitroprusside, as nitric oxide donor) on mineral concentration in two grapevine (<em>Vitis vinifera </em>L.) cultivars, Qarah Shani and Thompson Seedless, under different levels of NaCl stress.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: The plants were exposed to NaCl at the rate of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM in nutrient solution and foliar spray of SNP at 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM under an open hydroponic system. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels, the Cl<sup>-</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> concentrations increased and the K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub>-N, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup> concentrations and K<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> ratio decreased in both cultivars. However, application of SNP mitigated the Cl<sup>-</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> concentrations and improved the K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub>-N concentrations in leaves and roots of both cultivars. The application of SNP did not significantly affect Zn<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> concentrations under 100 mM NaCl.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The adverse effects of NaCl stress in nutrient element uptake were ameliorated by the exogenous application of SNP in grapevine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Salinity of soil and water sources is one of the most serious environmental threats in Iran. Iran ranks tenth among grape-producing countries in the world. Therefore, the application of SNP can serve as an important component to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress in nutrient element uptake in grapevine.</p>
Highlights
The total global area of salt-affected soils has recently been estimated to be approximately 830 million ha (Martinez-Beltran and Manzur, 2005)
The adverse effects of NaCl stress in nutrient elements uptake were ameliorated by the exogenous application of SNP in grapevine
The application of SNP can serve as an important component to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress in nutrient elements uptake in grapevine
Summary
The total global area of salt-affected soils has recently been estimated to be approximately 830 million ha (Martinez-Beltran and Manzur, 2005). Many reports have shown that salinity reduces the absorption of some nutrients in plants (Garcia and Charbaji, 1993 ; Rogers et al, 2003; Hu and Schmidhalter, 2005). It has been shown that the addition of NaCl to nutrient solution increases Na+ ions in the vegetative organs of grapevine (Garcia and Charbaji, 1993). Physiological disturbances such as reduction in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, reduction in both growth and vegetative biomass, and reduction in yield were reported in grapevine cultivars under saline conditions. Salt stress symptoms develop into necrotic areas on leaves, starting at leaf margins and progressing inwards (Walker et al, 2004)
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