Abstract
Effective and durable treatment of glioblastoma is an urgent unmet medical need. In this article, we summarize a novel approach of a physical method that enhances the effectiveness of radiotherapy. High atomic number nanoparticles that target brain tumors are intravenously administered. Upon irradiation, the nanoparticles absorb X-rays creating free radicals, increasing the tumor dose several fold. Radiotherapy of mice with orthotopic human gliomas and human triple negative breast cancers growing in the brain showed significant life extensions when the nanoparticles were included. An extensive study of the properties of the iodine-containing nanoparticle (Niodx) by the Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, including sterility, physicochemical characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo immunological characterization, and in vivo toxicology, is presented. In summary, the iodine nanoparticle Niodx appears safe and effective for translational studies toward human use.
Highlights
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain cancer with a poor prognosis
Gold Nanoparticle Imaging and Radiotherapy. To overcome this delivery and clearance problem, we developed high-Z gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with longer blood half-lives that have more time to infiltrate tumors and clear normal tissues
For Niodx, an interesting interaction was discovered where the iodine nanoparticle bound to human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) tumors growing in the brains of athymic mice [37]
Summary
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain cancer with a poor prognosis. The standard of care is surgical resection followed by radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy, but the fiveGuillermo Velasco year survival is only 5.6% [1] due to its location in the brain, rapid onset, high recurrence rate and resistance to currently available therapies [2]. Received: 29 December 2021 are desperately needed. One such new method that appears very promising is the loading of high atomic Published: 25 February 2022 number (high-Z) atoms that highly absorb X-rays to the tumors followed by RT [3–10]. X-raysand andeject ejectelectrons electronscreating creatingtissue-damaging tissue-damagingfree freeradicals. This in effect increases the local radiation dose (Figure 2), potentially overcoming the main limitation of standard radiotherapy (RT): to deliver a high enough dose to the tumor. This in in effect effect increases increasesthe the local local radiation radiation dose dose (Figure (Figure 2), 2), potentially potentially overcoming overcoming the the main mainlimitation limitationof ofstandard standardradiotherapy radiotherapy(RT):.
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