Iodine-129, Iodine-127 and Cesium-137 in seawater from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Abstract

In this study, new data are presented for the iodine isotopes (127I, 129I and their isotopic ratios) and Cesium (137Cs) in water samples of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in 2005 and 2009. This study supplements and extends the study of Michel et al. (2012). Iodine isotopes were separated from their matrix by using an anion exchange method and were determined by applying ICP-MS and AMS. 137Cs in seawater was determined after cesium ion exchange procedure enrichment by gamma-spectrometry. The concentrations of 127I in seawater of the North and Baltic Sea are fairly constant in each Sea with averages of (44 ± 2) and (21 ± 1) ng g−1, respectively, depending on the salinity. However, large variations of 129I concentrations in these areas were detected, which decreased along the French, Belgian, Dutch, German, and Danish shores. 129I/127I isotope ratios in the Baltic Sea are about 10 times lower than in the North Sea in 2009. The highest isotopic ratios (2.7 × 10−6) was detected in the English Channel east of the nuclear reprocessing plant at Cap de la Hague. The results confirm the result of our early study that the sources of 129I in the North Sea are primarily the nuclear reprocessing facilities at Sellafield (UK) and La Hague (F), and that in the Baltic Sea the inflow of water from North Sea through the Danish Straits dominates the occurrence of 129I.In 2009, the activity concentration of 137Cs was at least 6 times higher in the Baltic Sea (37 Bq m−3) than in the North Sea (5.9 Bq m−3), due to release of 137Cs from sediments in the Baltic Sea, which were contaminated by the Chernobyl accident and – to a minor degree – the atmospheric explosions of atomic bombs. The results are discussed by comparing the results of our previous work and the current study demonstrating the continuing disequilibrium of 129I/127I atomic ratio in the environmental compartments.