Iodinated trihalomethane formation during chloramination of iodate-containing waters in the presence of zero valent iron

Abstract

Iodide (I−) and iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are the primary iodine sources for the formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs), and iodate (IO3−) is believed to be a desired sink of iodine in water. This study found that highly cytotoxic iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) also can be generated from iodate-containing waters (without any other iodine sources) in the presence of zero valent iron (ZVI) during chloramination, which could be a big issue in the wide usage of iron pipes. The effect of major factors including ZVI dosage, NH2Cl and IO3− concentrations, initial pH, Br−/IO3− molar ratio, phosphate concentration, iron corrosion scales (goethite and hematite) on the formation of I-THMs were investigated. Formation of I-THMs from IO3− increased with the increase of ZVI dosage, IO3− and NH2Cl concentrations. Chloramines can also remarkably accelerate the reduction of IO3− by ZVI. Peak I-THM formation was found at pH 8. As the Br−/IO3− molar ratio increased from 0 to 20, I-THM formation considerably enhanced, especially for the bromine-incorporated species. Goethite and hematite enhanced the formation of I-THMs in the presence of ZVI. Additionally, a significant suppression on I-THM formation was observed with the addition of phosphate. Considering that a large number of water distribution networks contain unlined cast iron pipes, transformation of IO3− in the presence of ZVI during chloramination may contribute to the formation of I-THMs in such systems.