Abstract
As the most important bone-resorbing cells, osteoclasts play fundamental roles in bone remodeling and skeletal health. Much effort has been focused on identifying the regulators of osteoclast metabolism. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) reportedly regulate osteoclast formation, differentiation, survival, and bone-resorbing activity to participate in bone physiology and pathology. The present review intends to provide a general framework for how ncRNAs and their targets regulate osteoclast differentiation and the important events of osteoclastogenesis they are involved in, including osteoclast precursor generation, early differentiation, mononuclear osteoclast fusion, and multinucleated osteoclast function and survival. This framework is beneficial for understanding bone biology and for identifying the potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets of bone diseases. The review also summarizes the results of in vivo experiments and classic experiment methods for osteoclast-related researches.
Highlights
Osteoclasts are essential for continuous tooth movement as they remove adjacent bone and the necrotic tissue generated by periodontal ligament hyalinization [2, 3]
The expression of lncRNA-Bmncr gradually decreases during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, which reaches the lowest level at 72 h
Microcomputed tomography enables the assessment of the structural parameters involved, such as bone volume per total volume (BV/TV), mean trabecular number (Tb.N), mean trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) [43, 180, 185]
Summary
The sequential expression of c-Fos, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), tartrateresistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CTSK), integrin β3 (ITGB3), and calcitonin receptor (CALCR) are induced by RANKL and M-CSF [5]. They play important roles during these processes and lead to the formation of mature and activated osteoclasts, which marks the completion of osteoclastogenesis [11] (Figure 1). “5p” or “3p” at the end of miRNA names indicate that they are processed from the 5′ and 3′ end arms—for example, miR-142-5p and miR-142-3p [21]
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