Abstract
Leguminous plants can form a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria, during which plants provide bacteria with carbohydrates and an environment appropriate to their metabolism, in return for fixed atmospheric nitrogen. The symbiotic interaction leads to the formation of a new organ, the root nodule, where a coordinated differentiation of plant cells and bacteria occurs. The establishment and functioning of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis involves a redox control important for both the plant-bacteria crosstalk and the regulation of nodule metabolism. In this review, we discuss the involvement of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in the two symbiotic partners during symbiosis. The crucial role of glutathione in redox balance and S-metabolism is presented. We also highlight the specific role of some thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in bacterial differentiation. Transcriptomics data concerning genes encoding components and targets of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in connection with the developmental step of the nodule are also considered in the model system Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti.
Highlights
Most terrestrial plants establish symbiotic relationships with fungi or bacteria that provide nutrients for their growth [1,2]
These data show that the plant (h)GSH content of the nodule nitrogen-fixing zone modulates the efficiency of the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process, demonstrating their important role in the regulation of this process [47]
Many advances have been made in the characterization of redox regulatory systems and their roles in the two partners of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis (Figure 2)
Summary
Most terrestrial plants establish symbiotic relationships with fungi or bacteria that provide nutrients for their growth [1,2]. The formation of infection modifications of thethe cellular structure andfrom physiology of both forplant maintaining the symbiotic threads allows transport of bacteria the surface of thepartners root to the cells that will host interaction. These modifications are achieved through differentiation of the plant cells which includes bacteria, in an endosymbiotic way. Nitrogen-fixation efficiency depends on oxygen protective mechanisms them, a high aerobic metabolism provides ATP and reductants necessary to sustain nitrogenase involving the formation an oxygen barrier cellis layer around the infected cells and thenitrogenproduction of activity, whereas theofnitrogen-fixing enzyme irreversibly inactivated by oxygen. We will present an overview of the work performed on the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems, which regulate the redox state of the proteins, in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in both symbiotic partners
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