Invivo Impact of Malaria and HIV Co-Infection on CD4 Cell Count of Infected Patients of Niger Delta Extraction

Azuonwu Obioma,Nwaokorobia Judith,Ihua Nnnena,Fatma Mohammed Mady

doi:10.14302/issn.2328-0182.japst-20-3347

Azuonwu Obioma, Nwaokorobia Judith + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2328-0182.japst-20-3347

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Abstract

The study evaluated the impact of co-infection of malaria parasitaemia, and HIV positive indices on the CD4 cell count of 120 HIV infected subjects, who were already diagnosed and visiting Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital Port Harcourt for routine Medical check-up. Also, a control group of 40 HIV negative were included as part of the study control group. The subjects were between the age ranges of ≤10–79 years respectively. A double check laboratory assay was conducted to detect the presence of antibody to HIV as confirmed using immunocomb 11 and Determine for HIV status. A thick Blood film stained with field stain (A and B) was used to detect the presence of malaria parasite in the subject’s blood. Furthermore, CD4 cell count was assayed using Partec cyflow counter (Partec, Germany). Excel and Graphpad statistical software were used for analysis of the data generated. The result among the HIV positive subjects and control subjects revealed that the highest positive for malaria infection was observed among ≤10 years age group as 2 (100%) and 11 (84.61%) respectively. In the HIV positive subjects, the distribution of malaria infection among sex revealed a high rate in male 42(77.78%) than in female 44 (66.67%). Similarly, the control recorded a high rate of malaria infection in male 11 (57.89%) than in female 7 (33.33%). However, 86 (71.67%) had malaria and HIV co-infection while 34 (65%) had only HIV mono infection. The positive HIV subjects who had CD4 cells count below 200 cells/mm3 were 15%, above 200-499cells/mm3 were 58.3% while 500 cells/mm3 and above had normal CD4 cells counts for 26%. Nonetheless, for the control subjects, no CD4 cells count of below 200cells/ mm was observed, 2.5% fell within the moderate category while 75% had normal CD4 cells count. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and t-test showed that there is significant difference between CD4 of seropositive and seronegative subjects infected with or without malaria (p=0.00). In addition, a t-test further demonstrated Comparison of Mean CD4 Cell Count among HIV and Malaria Infected and Non-Infected Subjects. MP/HIV Co-Infection and Mono Infection with No Infection showed strong mean difference (p=0.00) in the various CD4 counts while HIV Mono-Infection and others only had a non significant (p=0.44) mean difference between HIV Mono-Infection and No HIV or Malaria Infection. A robust and effective malaria and HIV control management programme should be strongly underpinned; so as to improve the quality of life of patients and HIV patients should be encouraged to live a healthy life style, through the provision of antiretroviral drugs and regular health education engagement, even as the provision of antimalarial treated net would be helpful to the subjects.

Highlights

Malaria and HIV infection are two important commonest Public Health infections probably prominent in sub-Saharan Africa, even as these calls for more concerted effort of multi-dimensional approach, if we must root them out completely or reduce their clinical and socio –economic impact significantly in developing countries, especially in our remote communities that are strongly believed to be harbouring more vulnerable subjects when probably compared with the urban cities across the globe
For the HIV infected subjects, the highest prevalence of malaria infection was observed among ≤ 10 years age group (100%), while for the control subjects, a high prevalence of malaria infection was observed among ≤ 10 years age group (Table 1)
The distribution of malaria infection among sex group revealed a high percentage of positive in male (77.78%) than in female 66.67% for the HIV positive subjects, while for the control subjects, a high rate of malaria infection was found in male (57.89%) than in female (33.33%)

Summary

Introduction

Malaria and HIV infection are two important commonest Public Health infections probably prominent in sub-Saharan Africa, even as these calls for more concerted effort of multi-dimensional approach, if we must root them out completely or reduce their clinical and socio –economic impact significantly in developing countries, especially in our remote communities that are strongly believed to be harbouring more vulnerable subjects when probably compared with the urban cities across the globe. There is always an increase in HIV replication progression when subjects are infected with malaria parasite, especially in blood monomamanial cells, when exposed to malaria antigens during an invitro set up [3] and in transgenic mice-infected with P. chabaudi [4]. These significant increases occurs especially when an individual has a parasites density more than 2000 parasites per micro-litre of blood, and base line CD4 count of 300 cells/mm3 [5]. Low CD4 cell count infection with HIV causes progression of cellular immune suppression, and any impairment in immune response resulting to malaria might be associated with failure to prevent infection, or to suppress parasitaemia [6]

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