Abstract
As per the 2017 National Diabetes Statistics Report, 30.3 million Americans (i.e., 9.4% of the population) had diabetes, and 84.1 million Americans (33.9% of the adult U.S. population) had prediabetes, which was an increase from 79 million in 2010. Diagnosed diabetic conditions cost the nation $327 billion in 2017, a 26% increase from the previous estimate of $245 billion in 2012. Thus, substantial health and economic burdens are placed on the nation. Due to the rapidly growing diabetic disorders and complications, significant needs exist for user-friendly, reliable sensors for monitoring ultra-low clinically relevant picomolar insulin and other early diabetes markers in biofluids. We explored a wide range of surface chemistries and electroanalytical techniques (eQCM, voltammetry, impedance, and amperometry) for successfully measuring picomolar serum insulin and autoantibodies from our sensor designs. Our ongoing efforts are directed towards designing new paper electrochemical devices to accomplish a label-free detection. Independent validation of our electrochemical (Echem) sensors with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assays, and applications for real-sample analysis will be discussed.
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