(Invited) Emerging Chalcopyrite Photo-absorbers for Renewable Hydrogen Production

Abstract

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is an attractive method for efficient renewable hydrogen production. However, the cost, efficiency and durability of lab-scale systems are not yet at the level required to make this technology economically attractive. Amongst all materials studied to date, the chalcopyrite class is arguably one of the most promising classes for PEC water splitting, as it has already demonstrated low-cost and high photoconversion capabilities as a photovoltaic material. In the context of PEC, our group has shown that co-evaporated 1.65 eV bandgap (EG) CuGaSe2 is capable of evolving hydrogen with Faradaic efficiency greater than 85% and generate photocurrent densities over 15 mA.cm-­2, as measured in a 3-electrode configuration in 0.5M H2SO4 under simulated AM1.5G illumination. Unfortunately, CuGaSe2’s narrow EG limits its integration as top absorber into a dual junction stacked PEC device (also known as hybrid photoelectrode, HPE). In the present communication, we report on our latest efforts to synthesize wide-EG (1.8-2.0 eV) chalcopyrites, compatible with the HPE integration scheme, and capable of generating saturated photocurrent densities greater than 10 mA/cm2. We present specifically results on EG tunable Cu(In,Ga)S2, CuGa(S,Se)2 and CuGa3Se5. We also discuss some of the strategies developed to improve their surface energetics for the hydrogen evolution reaction, including the use of non toxic n-type buffer layers. We also include recent durability testing of chalcopyrite photocathodes coated with metal oxide protection layers. Finally, we present solid-state techniques and theoretical modeling used by our team to identify possible pitfalls in these material systems and discuss potential paths for improvement.