(Invited) Elucidating the Hydrodynamic Behavior of Multi-Species Gas Bubbles in an Electrochemical Solvent Regenerator for Direct Air Capture

Abstract

Direct Air Capture (DAC) is very significant to bolstering the global drive towards net negative emissions. DAC technologies/plants have emerged in recent years, with the regeneration of the capture solvent used in the process being the major bottleneck of most aqueous technologies. [1] Leveraging electrochemical principles has offered a potential opportunity to simplify the entire solvent regeneration process and potentially reduce its overall capture cost, compared to traditional approaches. The electrochemical approach also offers the benefit of direct integrating clean energy, and also eliminating the high thermal energy requirements of typical methods.[2] Despite these potentials, the complex three-phase (solid-liquid-gas) interaction on the electrode surface pose a significant impediment to this electrochemical approach for DAC. The evolution of gas bubbles in electrochemical cells are well-known to contribute to energy losses in such reactors, from previous studies. [3],[4],[5] Gas bubbles have been shown to influence ohmic overpotentials in electrochemical reactors and studies have shown that the energy demand for water electrolysis can be reduced by 10-25 percent if the formation of gas bubbles is suppressed. [6],[7] However, the evolution of gas bubbles in electrochemical systems remains a complicated issue requiring further investigation. This study advances previous work by investigating the simultaneous evolution of CO2 gas bubbles along with O2/H2 gas bubbles in an electrochemical reactor for DAC. Gas bubbles are infamous for their ability to cover the active area of electrodes, limiting the transport of reactive species to the electrode surface, thus, increasing cell resistance. In this work, we explore changes in the polarization and hydrodynamics behavior of gas bubbles in the electrolyzer used for DAC solvent regeneration owing to the evolution of CO2 bubbles from pH swing, and the implications of the additional CO2 bubble formation to electrode surface coverage. By using a high-speed camera, we observe that bubbles coverage appears to be larger at the edges of the electrodes, and that the orientation of the electrodes influence bubble coalescence and detachment rate. We also employ different cell designs to mitigate the impact of bubble surface coverage towards reducing cell resistance. References Sabatino, A. Grimm, F. Gallucci, M. Van Sint Annaland, G. J. Kramer, M. Gazzani, Joule, 5(8), 2047-2076 (2021).Gao, A. Omosebi, R. Perrone, K. Liu, Journal of The Electrochemical Society (2022).H. Li, Y. J. Chen, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-12 (2021).F. Swiegers, R. N. L.Terrett, G. Tsekouras, T. Tsuzuki, R. J. Pace, R. Stranger, Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 5(11), 3004–3004 (2021).Zhao, H. Ren, L. Luo, Langmuir, 35(16), 5392-5408 (2019).Mazloomi, N. B. Sulaiman, H. Moayedi, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7(4), 3314-3326 (2012).C. Wang, C. Y. Chen, Electrochimica Acta, 54(15), 3877-3883 (2009).