Abstract
Surgical closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs), either in isolation or associated with tetralogy of Fallot or complete atrioventricular septal defect, constitutes one of the most common procedures performed by the congenital heart surgeon. With the ubiquitous application of intraoperative and postoperative echocardiography, the surgeon is commonly faced with the dilemma of a child who has undergone VSD closure but has a residual defect seen either in the operating room by transesophageal echocardiography or in the intensive care unit by transthoracic echocardiography.
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