Abstract
A coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) rigid endoscope using two optical fibers to deliver excitation beams individually is developed. The use of two optical fibers allows the correction of longitudinal chromatic aberration and enhances the CARS signal by a factor of 2.59. The endoscope is used to image rat sciatic nerves with an imaging time of 10 s. Imaging of the rabbit prostatic fascia without sample slicing is also demonstrated, which reveals the potential for the application of the CARS endoscope to robot-assisted surgery.
Highlights
Robot-assisted surgery most commonly involves the performance of endoscopic surgical procedures under guidance by a robotic system.[1,2,3] For example, surgeons are able to observe and identify lesions using a rigid endoscope and operate upon these using interactive robotic arms equipped with the appropriate tools and passing through small incisions
We previously reported that coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) endoscopy using a single-mode optical fiber for delivering the beams suffered from large longitudinal chromatic aberration, even though the relay lenses and the objective lens were achromatic
We have developed a CARS endoscopy system with the correction of longitudinal chromatic aberration using two optical fibers for laser delivery
Summary
Robot-assisted surgery most commonly involves the performance of endoscopic surgical procedures under guidance by a robotic system.[1,2,3] For example, surgeons are able to observe and identify lesions using a rigid endoscope and operate upon these using interactive robotic arms equipped with the appropriate tools and passing through small incisions. Effective imaging of nerves will improve the procedural success rate Another method to improve imaging times is the use of nonlinear coherent Raman scattering.[10,11] Nonlinear coherent Raman microscopy using ultrafast lasers allows video-rate or faster Raman imaging.[12,13,14,15] Nerve imaging by nonlinear coherent Raman microscopy and its medical applications have been vigorously studied.[16,17,18,19,20,21] Nonlinear coherent Raman imaging has another feature of high-definition imaging compared with spontaneous Raman imaging. High intensity of nonlinear coherent Raman scattering provides high-definition imaging, which is useful in surgical procedures to identify the excision site. We describe a modification of the CARS rigid endoscope using two optical fibers for separate delivery of the imaging laser beams, thereby correcting longitudinal chromatic aberration, and we demonstrate its application to nerve imaging of rat sciatic nerves and rabbit periprostatic nerves
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