Abstract
The shipping industry is investigating alternative fuels for ships, in order to comply with stricter emission requirements implemented by International Maritime Organization (IMO). Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a promising alternative since it could reduce emissions substantially and offer potential fuel cost savings. But the investment in LNG fuelled vessels is currently facing a high degree of uncertainty, such as the differential between the prices of LNG and conventional maritime fuels, the availability of LNG and the reliability of its supply chain.This paper makes an attempt to study the possibility of investing in LNG powered vessels under uncertainty. A deferral option model is proposed to quantify the value of flexibility for deferral based on multi-variables following specified stochastic processes. By exploiting the stochastic processes, it is possible to determine the value of deferral by solving a dynamic program using a least squares Monte Carlo simulation. The model is tested on an investment of a new chemical vessel with 19,000 dwt powered by LNG. Empirical analysis may suggest different investment strategies based on the probabilities of exercising an option and related option values each year. It indicates further that the attractiveness of LNG as ship fuel is dominated by a couple of parameters: difference of ship prices between a LNG powered vessel and a reference one, the price differential between LNG and conventional fuel prices, the share of the sailing time inside Emission Control Areas (ECAs), and the supply cost of LNG.
Highlights
The shipping industry is a substantial emitter of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), because the vast majority (95%) of the world’s shipping fleet runs with engines powered by Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO) for economic reasons (Cullinane and Bergqvist 2014)
The investment in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fuelled vessels is currently facing a high degree of uncertainty, such as the differential between the prices of LNG and conventional maritime fuels, the availability of LNG and the reliability of its supply chain
The discounted cash flow techniques cannot incorporate the flexibility to respond to new information and to defer the investment, real options analysis is favoured by academia to accommodate flexibility in the investment decision so that the valuation of a project can reflect operating and strategic adaptability
Summary
The shipping industry is a substantial emitter of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), because the vast majority (95%) of the world’s shipping fleet runs with engines powered by Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO) for economic reasons (Cullinane and Bergqvist 2014). The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is responsible for regulations on ship emissions aiming at protecting and improving the ocean environment. The Annex VI of the international convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) came into force on 19 May 2005 and a Annex VI with tightened limits was. The caps of ship gas emissions, in particular SOx and NOx, are subject to a series of step changes over the years, which are described in Tables 1 and 2
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