Investigation Report on Characteristics Strength Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag and Granite Powder

Abstract

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, consisting of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water. Traditionally, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), river sand, and Hard Broken Granite (HBG) stone are used in concrete production. However, the over-extraction of these natural resources has led to environmental concerns and increased costs. This has created a need for sustainable alternatives that maintain concrete’s quality and performance. This study investigates the partial replacement of fine aggregates with copper slag and granite powder in M25 grade concrete. Copper slag, a by-product of copper smelting, and granite powder, obtained during granite stone cutting, possess physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for concrete. Additionally, Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC) is examined as a sustainable alternative to OPC. PPC, with its pozzolanic characteristics, enhances workability, chemical resistance, and long- term strength while reducing the carbon footprint. The research evaluates the mechanical and chemical properties of concrete incorporating PPC, copper slag, and granite powder. The study also highlights the environmental and economic benefits, demonstrating how these materials can contribute to sustainable construction practices. By promoting the use of industrial by-products and alternative binders, this research aims to develop high-performance, eco-friendly concrete suitable for modern construction needs. Keywords: Concrete, sustainable construction, fine aggregate replacement, copper slag, granite powder, Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC), M25 grade concrete, industrial by-products, environmental sustainability.