Investigation on the anti-carbonation properties of alkali-activated slag concrete: Effect of activator types and dosages

Abstract

In this paper, three alkaline activators, namely sodium hydroxide (SH), calcium oxide and sodium carbonate (COSC), calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfate (CHSS), and the influence of different alkali equivalents on the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) were investigated. By testing the mechanical properties at different carbonation ages of AASC with three types of activators at varying alkali equivalents (4%, 6%, and 8%), along with the changes in carbonation depth, this study aims to characterize hydration products and porosity through microstructural analysis. The objective is to explain the mechanism by which carbonation affects the AASC structure. The findings showed that the carbonation rate (i.e., the growth rate of the carbonation depth) of AASC was CHSS > COSC > SH when the exciter dosages were the same, and the carbonation rate of all samples tended to slow down as the alkali components increased. Calcite and spherulite were the calcium carbonate morphologies after SH, COSC, and CHSS carbonation according to XRD, TG/DSC, and pore structure tests; the calcium carbonate content decreased with increasing alkali equivalent after carbonation. Since the pore-increasing effect of carbonation due to the destruction of C–S–H is weaker than the filling effect produced by calcium carbonate, the total pore volume of SH, COSC, and CHSS decreased due to the activator effect after carbonation. Specifically, the calcium carbonate created by carbonation repairs pores and cracks of matrix, but its presence also reduces the calcium hydroxide concentration, leading to a decrease in the alkalinity of the pore solution, which disrupts the structure of the hydration products and loosens the matrix. The focus is on which aspect is more decisive. Interestingly, small pores however decreased, while there was an increase in larger pore sizes resulting in a change in pore size distribution. However, this negative impact on pore distribution decreased with increasing alkali dosage.