Investigation on Rheological Properties of Water-Based Novel Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids Using Experimental and Taguchi Method.

Jalal Mohammed Zayan,Abdul Khaliq Rasheed,Akbar John,Ahmad Faris Ismail,Muneer Baig,Mohammad Khalid,Abdul Aabid

doi:10.3390/ma15010028

Abstract

This study presents the rheological behavior of water-based GO-TiO2-Ag and rGO-TiO2-Ag ternary-hybrid nanofluids. The impact of nanoparticles’ volumetric concentration and temperature on the rheological properties were studied. All experiments were performed under temperatures ranging from 25 to 50 °C in the solid volume concentration range of 0.5–0.00005%. The data optimization technique was adopted using the Taguchi method. The types of nanomaterials, concentration, temperature, and shear rate were chosen to optimize the viscosity and shear stress. The effect of shear stress, angular sweep, frequency sweep, and damping factor ratio is plotted. The experimental results demonstrated that the rheological properties of the ternary hybrid nanofluid depend on the ternary hybrid nanofluid’s temperature. The viscosity of ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNf) change by 40% for GO-TiO2-Ag and 33% for rGO-TiO2-Ag when temperature and shear rates are increased. All the ternary hybrid nanofluids demonstrated non-Newtonian behavior at lower concentrations and higher shear stress, suggesting a potential influence of nanoparticle aggregation on the viscosity. The dynamic viscosity of ternary hybrid nanofluid increased with enhancing solid particles’ volume concentration and temperature.

Highlights

Introduction iationsThe concept of “nanofluid” was first coined by Choi [1] to describe the process of making stable colloidal suspensions of solid nano-sized particles (1–100 nm) in common base fluids
This study evaluated the time- and temperature-dependent flow behaviors of two novel ternary hybrid nanofluids, graphene oxide (GO)-TiO2 -Ag and rGO-TiO2 -Ag, with low solid volume fractions
Dr Taguchi invented a system based on orthogonal array (OA) experiments that result in a significantly lower variance for the experiment when control parameters are adjusted to optimal settings

Summary

Introduction

The concept of “nanofluid” was first coined by Choi [1] to describe the process of making stable colloidal suspensions of solid nano-sized particles (1–100 nm) in common base fluids. Nanofluids were proposed as novel heat transfer fluids as they can significantly enhance conventional liquids’ thermophysical and rheological characteristics. Silver, titanium, aluminum, iron oxide, etc., are commonly used metallic nanoparticles. The carbon-based nanoparticles used are diamonds, graphene, CNT, fullerenes, etc. Some other non-carbon, non-metallic nanoparticles include sodium, ceramic, carbides, etc. They are adapted in many major industrial and biomedical applications where rapid heating and cooling are critical, such as engines, power plants, pharmaceutical processes, vehicle thermal management, to name a Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Methods

Results

Conclusion