Investigation on GH Modulus of Linear Elastic Glucose Behavior with two Diabetes Patients’ Data using GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine, Part 2 (No. 349)

Abstract

This article is an extended research on the linear elasticity of glucose with the author’s defined GH-modulus or M2 cited in Reference 7 (Part 1 or his paper no. 346). The main purpose of this study is twofold. First, it is to study the biomedical meaning of the GH modulus which depends on a patient’s severity of type 2 diabetes (T2D) over a period of time. Second, it is to discover when its linear elastic features would appear, under what kind of conditions, and which easier path for patients to utilize this for their daily glucose control. Here is the simple linear formula previously defined in References 2, 3, and 4 for predicting the postprandial plasma glucose (PPG): Predicted PPG= (FPG* 0.97) + (carbs/sugar intake grams * M2) - (post-meal waking K-steps * 5) In Reference 7 (paper No. 346), the author connected the biomedical glucose prediction equation with a basic concept of stress and strain in engineering, along with the Young’s modulus of engineering strength of materials. Using his collected 11,580 data of glucose, food, and exercise, he has demonstrated that a “pseudo-linear” relationship existing between the carbs/sugar intake amount which is similar to the “stress” part on the engineering system; and the incremental PPG amount which is similar to the “strain” part of the engineering system. A newly defined coefficient of “GH-modulus” (the M2 multiplier for carbs/sugar intake amount) is remarkably similar to the role of Young’s modules on relating stress and strain on the subject of engineering strength of materials. During his “better controlled” period of diabetes from 7/1/2015 to 10/13/2020, his average PPG is 116 mg/dL which is below 120 mg/dL and located within the normal range from diabetes concerns. Only within this “better-controlled” glucose range, the relationship between carbs/sugar intake and incremental PPG would then be “linear” or “pseudo-linear”. Otherwise, for severe T2D patients who has elevated PPG level above 180 mg/dL (hyperglycemia) most of the time and then suddenly decreased to below 70 mg/dL (hypoglycemia or insulin shock), the relationship between food and PPG would then follow a nonlinear plastic pattern where the defined linear relationship would not be applicable. By 2019, approximately 6% of worldwide population (or 463 million people) have diabetes. Although he believes that his linear elastic glucose behavior of GH modulus is only applicable for patient’s glucose levels below 180 mg/ dL and above 70 mg/dL, but it is already a wide enough range for lots of diabetes patients to use. In regard to nonlinear plastic zone, more hyperglycemic cases and associated data are required to collect and then conduct a further complex analysis. At least, this linear elastic glucose behavior is the first stage of getting sufficient information to move further into a more complicated nonlinear plastic glucose zone. Based on two diabetes patients’ data, for either fixed M2 or variable M2 values, a linear relationship between carbs/ sugar intake amount and incremental PPG amount have been observed. This defined GH-modulus (i.e. M2 value) is easier to be applied over a reasonable long period, for example, either 3 months or 4 months in order to match with the lab-tested HbA1C value. Since blood and liver cells are organic material, the GH-modulus changes according to the severity of a patient’s diabetes conditions. However, the author would like to recommend using a fixed GH-modules or M2 value within a period of 3 to 4 months due to the simplicity of calculation and practical usage.The author has spent four decades as a practical engineer, but he does understand the importance of basic concepts, sophisticated theories, and practical equations which serve as the necessary background of all kinds of applications. Therefore, he focused his time and energy to investigate glucose related subjects using a variety of methods he learned in the past, including this particularly interesting stress-strain approach. In addition, he understood the importance and urgency in helping diabetes patients to control their glucoses. That is why, over the past few years, he has continuously simplified his findings regarding diabetes and derived more useful formulas or practical tools in meeting the general public’s interest on controlling chronic diseases and their complications to reduce pain and death probability.