Abstract
Extracts from spruce bark obtained using different deep eutectic solvents were screened for their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Water containing choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol, with different molar ratios, were used as extractants. Basic characteristics of the DESs (density, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index) were determined. All the DESs used behave as Newtonian liquids. The extractions were performed for 2 h at 60 °C under continuous stirring. TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The TPC varied from 233.6 to 596.2 mg GAE/100 g dry bark; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged between 81.4% and 95%. This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic compounds from spruce bark.
Highlights
This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic compounds from spruce bark
Different content of water in the studied deep eutectic solvents (DESs) indicates that water molecules bind predominantly to hydrogen bond donors [66]
This study focused on the application of deep eutectic solvents in spruce bark extraction
Summary
Valorization of biomass, bio-waste, and food-related wastes (hereinafter biomass), including extraction of value-added compounds from these sources, represents a dynamically developing area of research and technology [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. A substantial body of research has focused on the new modes of extraction and refining processes during the last decades. The most important potential uses of compounds extracted from biomass includes pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, and applications in the food industry as additives and functional substances, as well as nutraceuticals used to enhance food quality or in gastronomy [1,2,3]. Several research teams have published data focused on the purposeful processing of many kinds of biomass. Examples include Pseudowintera colorata (horopito), a plant native to New
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