Investigation of the relationship between heavy metals in the blood and depression in people with different body mass indices using the NHANES database: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundExposure to heavy metals considered a major risk factor for mental health. ObjectiveExamining how heavy metals in blood are associated with depression in individuals of various body mass indexes. MethodsA total sample of 15,560 individuals was screened, with 4355 participants finally enrolled to study. The PHQ-9 was used to assess participants' depressive symptoms. ResultsA logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the levels of heavy metals in the blood and the depression. Serum cadmium levels were found to be associated with risk of depression, with an odds ratio of 2.247 (95 % CI: 1.584–3.244). However, no significant correlations were observed between depression and blood levels of lead, selenium, and manganese. Subgroup analysis was performed and found that higher Cd concentrations were associated with a greater risk of depression at the same BMI. With the same Cd concentration, the risk of depression was lowest when participants' BMI was ≥30 kg/m2 and increased with increasing BMI when participants' BMI was <30 kg/m2. LimitationsIt is not possible to analyze the effect of external exposure to Cd. ConclusionCd in blood may be positively correlated with depression in American adults, and the effect of this trend is different in people with different body mass indices. With the increase in BMI, the risk gradually rises. However, it is lowest among obese people.