Abstract
Electrochromic films were prepared by cathodic template synthesis in the presence of two types of polyvinyl alcohol: with the hydrolysis degree of 99 % and 85 %. The prepared films show differences in structural, morphological, electrochromic and electrochemical characteristics. Both films were X-ray amorphous and had different shapes of the curve on the XRD patterns in the region of small 2q angles, which corresponds to differences in the direction of 001. Comparison of the morphology of the films prepared from solutions containing PVA with different hydrolysis degrees revealed that the film prepared in the presence of 99 % hydrolyzed PVA has a relatively flat relief with small sizes of bumps. On the other hand, the film prepared in the presence of 85 % hydrolyzed PVA had worse uniformity. Its relief had wavy lines, the height of which reached 1.2 µm. Cyclic voltammograms of both films were also different. CVA of the film prepared in the presence of 85 % hydrolyzed PVA had sharp anodic and cathodic peaks that are similar in height. The potentials of the peaks were +600 and +700 mV. The film prepared in the presence of 99 % hydrolyzed PVA showed broader peaks, with the anodic peak shifted to more positive values (+900 mV). Electrochromic characteristics of both films also differed significantly. The film deposited in the presence 85 % hydrolyzed PVA had a high coloration rate (60 s), but lower coloration degree (18 %). On the other hand, the film deposited in the presence of 99 % hydrolyzed PVA had a coloration rate that is three times slower (200 s), but higher absolute coloration degree (24 %). Several mechanisms that explain such differences in the behavior of the films prepared in the presence of different PVA types have been proposed.
Highlights
Modern stage of technological advance is the creation of so-called «smart technologies»
By using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different degrees of hydrolysis in the deposition of Ni(OH)2, it was discovered that the type of polymer used has a significant effect on structural, morphological, electrochemical and electrochromic characteristics
It has been discovered that using 85 % hydrolyzed PVA leads to the formation of films with significant bumps and lower transparency in the initial state
Summary
Modern stage of technological advance is the creation of so-called «smart technologies». These technologies integrate a computer, program and controlled device into a single object. The result of such merging is a «smart device», which optimizes working parameters, the main of which is energy and resource consumption, and execution time [1]. «Smart windows» are one of such devices that incorporate the principles of «smart devices». Such windows enable the user to dynamically change various optical parameters based on the type of electrochromic element used. The high price of 200–1000 USD/m2 does not allow their widespread application [2, 3]
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