Abstract
A library of ceramic compounds based on the lead-free (KxNa1−x)1−yLiy(Nb1−zTaz)O3 solid solution has been synthesized and characterized using high-throughput experimentation (HTE) method. The phase space previously reported by Saito and Takao has been expanded to {{x, 0.1, 1.0}, {y, 0, 0.1}, {z, 0, 0.2}}, and new phase boundaries are observed. The relative density values show that with the appropriate sintering temperature, ∼92% of the theoretical density can be reached. The relative permittivity values show that with increasing amount of K+ and Ta5+, the dielectric constant values increase. The effect of density on the dielectric constant values is however minimal. Resistivity values ranging from 109 to 1013 Ω·cm are obtained for the samples. The piezoelectric charge coefficient values for selected compositions show that higher values are obtained close to the phase boundaries rather than away from them. The properties for the ceramic library using the HTE method are generally 15%–20% less than from the conventional method. This method is therefore more suited for screening of sample compositions than for producing samples with high piezoelectric properties.
Highlights
The toxic nature of lead-based piezoelectric ceramics and legislations restricting their use have made it necessary for alternative compositions which are more environmentally friendly to be researched on for being possibly used as replacement materials [1]. (KxNa1 x)NbO3 (KNN) [2,3,4] and (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 [5,6] based piezoelectric ceramics are currently the most likely alternatives to replace the lead-based ceramics because of their promising properties
It has been discovered that the piezoelectric properties of doped KNN ceramics are strongly dependent on the temperature leading to this phenomenon being revised to a polymorphic phase boundary (PPB), since the enhancement in piezoelectric properties is strongly related to the decrease in the phase transition temperatures [14]
A library of ceramic compounds based on the (KxNa1 x)1 yLiy(Nb1 zTaz)O3 solid solution have been produced using high-throughput experimentation (HTE) method
Summary
The toxic nature of lead-based piezoelectric ceramics and legislations restricting their use have made it necessary for alternative compositions which are more environmentally friendly to be researched on for being possibly used as replacement materials [1]. (KxNa1 x)NbO3 (KNN) [2,3,4] and (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 [5,6] based piezoelectric ceramics are currently the most likely alternatives to replace the lead-based ceramics because of their promising properties. Saito and Takao [13] reported the properties of (KxNa1 x) yLiy(Nb1 zTaz)O3 solid solution which have much higher piezoelectric properties compared to the undoped (KxNa1 x)NbO3 ceramics. There are a lot of reports in the literature about (KxNa1 x) yLiy(Nb1 zTaz)O3 ceramics where different parameters were investigated [15,16,17,18]. In most of these reports, the composition of interest is mainly at equal amounts of the A- and B-site elements. The objective of this work is to use the high-throughput experimentation method in expanding the phase space in order to search for new phase boundaries with possibly better piezoelectric charge coefficient values compared to what has been reported in the literature
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