Abstract
The supersonic gas jets from conical nozzles are simulated using 2D model. The on-axis atom number density in gas jet is investigated in detail by comparing the simulated densities with the idealized densities of straight streamline model in scaling laws. It is found that the density is generally lower than the idealized one and the deviation between them is mainly dependent on the opening angle of conical nozzle, the nozzle length and the gas backing pressure. The density deviation is then used to discuss the deviation of the equivalent diameter of a conical nozzle from the idealized deq in scaling laws. The investigation on the lateral expansion of gas jet indicates the lateral expansion could be responsible for the behavior of the density deviation. These results could be useful for the estimation of cluster size and the understanding of experimental results in laser-cluster interaction experiments.
Highlights
In the study of laser-cluster interaction, e.g., the deuterium-deuterium nuclear fusion,[1,2,3] plasma waveguide generation,[4] x-ray,[5] terahertz radiation,[6] the cluster size in a gas jet is an important parameter for the understanding of these experimental results
It is demonstrated in simulation that due to the lateral expansion of gas jet, the formula 0.74d/tanα of the idealized deq for a rare gas could be valid only when the conical nozzle with a long nozzle length and a large opening angle is used under a low backing pressure
The gas jets of eighteen conical nozzles with the same throat diameter d of 0.5 mm under five gas backing pressures were simulated for the on-axis atom number density
Summary
Considering the spatial distribution of atom density in a gas jet, the investigation of the on-axis atom density becomes more important than that of the dimension for the understanding of the deviation of deq and the effect of the lateral expansion on it. A large number of simulations about argon gas jet produced from the conical nozzle were made using the Boldarev’s 2D model.[21] It aims to investigate the on-axis atom number density and try to show the behavior of on-axis atom number density under the effect of the lateral expansion of gas jet. It is demonstrated in simulation that due to the lateral expansion of gas jet, the formula 0.74d/tanα of the idealized deq for a rare gas could be valid only when the conical nozzle with a long nozzle length and a large opening angle is used under a low backing pressure
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