Abstract

Given the important aspects of wound healing approaches, in this work, an innovative biocompatible nanobiocomposite scaffold was designed and prepared based on cross-linked lignin–agarose hydrogel, extracted silk fibroin solution, and zinc chromite (ZnCr2O4) nanoparticles. Considering the cell viability technique, red blood cell hemolysis in addition to anti-biofilm assays, it was determined that after three days, the toxicity of the cross-linked lignin–agarose/SF/ZnCr2O4 nanobiocomposite was less than 13%. Moreover, the small hemolytic effect (1.67%) and high level of prevention in forming a P. aeruginosa biofilm with low OD value (0.18) showed signs of considerable hemocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Besides, according to an in vivo assay study, the wounds of mice treated with the cross-linked lignin–agarose/SF/ZnCr2O4 nanobiocomposite scaffold were almost completely healed in five days. Aside from these biological tests, the structural features were evaluated by FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM, and TG analyses, as well as swelling ratio, rheological, and compressive mechanical study tests. Additionally, it was concluded that adding silk fibroin and ZnCr2O4 nanoparticles could enhance the mechanical tensile properties of cross-linked lignin–agarose hydrogel, and also an elastic network was characterized for this designed nanobiocomposite.

Highlights

  • Among the unprecedented level of recent progress in recreating medicine as well as tissue engineering approaches, wound healing processes have created new therapeutic prospects in tissue repair and regeneration

  • According to the three main synthesis steps of cross-linked the lignin–agarose/SF/ZnCr2O4 nanobiocomposite, the formation of new functional groups was evaluated from each step (Fig. S1A–C, Electronic supplementary information (ESI)†)

  • Bands attributed to the vibration mode of aromatic rings in the lignin structure and symmetric CH2 bending vibration mode of agarose can be observed at 1512 cmÀ1 and 1419 cmÀ1.39 The C–O–C stretching vibration mode of aryl ether, C–O–C stretching vibration mode of alkyl ether bonds, and the C–O stretching vibration mode of alkyl substituted ether which are the results of cross-linking reaction are assigned to bands at 1621 cmÀ1, 1118 cmÀ1, and 1064 cmÀ1.39 A er the addition of SF solution, new absorption bands were observed (Fig. S1B, ESI†)

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Summary

Introduction

Among the unprecedented level of recent progress in recreating medicine as well as tissue engineering approaches, wound healing processes have created new therapeutic prospects in tissue repair and regeneration. RBC hemolytic and anti-bio lm assays were undertaken to determine its in vitro blood biocompatibility as well as antibacterial activity

Results and discussion
Conclusions
Ethical statement
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