Abstract
This paper proposes a novel He-based cooling system for the Li-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The proposed system offers a novel alternative battery thermal management system with promising properties in terms of safety, simplicity, and efficiency. A 3D multilayer coupled electrochemical-thermal model is used to simulate the thermal behavior of the 20 Ah LiFePO4 (LFP) cells. Based on the results, He gas, compared to air, effectively diminishes the maximum temperature rise and temperature gradient on the cell surface and offers a viable option for the thermal management of Li-ion batteries. For instance, in comparison with air, He gas offers 1.18 and 2.29 °C better cooling at flow rates of 2.5 and 7.5 L/min, respectively. The cooling design is optimized in terms of the battery’s temperature uniformity and the battery’s maximum temperature. In this regard, the effects of various parameters such as inlet diameter, flow direction, and inlet flow rate are investigated. The inlet flow rate has a more evident influence on the cooling efficiency than inlet/outlet diameter and flow direction. The possibility of using helium as a cooling fluid is shown to open new doors in the subject matter of an effective battery thermal management system.
Highlights
The environmental issues associated with fossil fuels necessitate the use of alternative renewable sources of energy
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as rechargeable devices play a crucial role in electrochemical energy storage systems [1,2]
High-capacity LIBs generate a high amount of heat during cycling
Summary
The environmental issues associated with fossil fuels necessitate the use of alternative renewable sources of energy. In electric vehicles (EVs), their widespread applications attract much attention [3,4]. These batteries suffer from safety problems, cost, and thermal issues [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Batteries running at low temperatures need to be heated to start and maintain sufficient power output [11,12]. The temperature of the battery pack needs to be controlled and kept within an optimum range. Besides the absolute temperature of the battery pack, the temperature non-uniformity between the cells causes serious problems such as electric unbalances and capacity fading.
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