Abstract
Electron microscopy and local X-ray spectral analysis (utilizing an electron probe) have been used to evaluate structural heterogeneity in ion-exchange membranes. X-ray patterns, reflecting radiation intensity changes along the test sample proportional to the fixed charge density, can be obtained through X-ray microanalysis. Electron microscopic studies of ultra-thin sections of ion-exchange membranes indicated that the structural heterogeneity expressed by alternating zones with various electron densities associated with the presence of pores in the membranes is the basic feature of these membranes.
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