Abstract
An investigation of the influence of synthesis conditions on the crystallite size, lattice parameter and lattice strain of ceriumdioxide nanoparticles synthesised by coprecipitation and sol–gel processes is presented. The effect of initial precursors, precipitation and calcination temperatures, aging time and molar concentrations of precursor solution on particle size and lattice parameter has been studied. The physicochemical characterisation was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and thermal analysis (TG–DTA). XRD profile indicates the presence of cubic fluorite-structured nanoceria particles. The average crystallite size of the samples determined by Debye–Scherrer formula ranges from 4.2 to 36.9 nm. Lattice parameters vary from 5.37 to 5.44 Å. Lattice strain of the samples was analysed using Williamson–Hall analysis since these relate to imperfections and distortions in the crystal structure. It is found that ceria reduces strain by lattice expansion which is pronounced in lower dimensions.
Highlights
Nanostructured ceria is technologically significant with respect to the bulk material due to its valence/defectBecause of its technological importance, synthesis of nanostructured ceria under various conditions has been experimented
The present work emphasises the effect of synthesis conditions on the crystallite size, lattice parameter and lattice strain on ceria nanoparticles
For samples calcined at low temperature (400 °C), X-ray diffraction profile (XRD) depicts broad peaks with low intensity
Summary
Nanostructured ceria is technologically significant with respect to the bulk material due to its valence/defect. Because of its technological importance, synthesis of nanostructured ceria under various conditions has been experimented. Synthesis techniques include solution-based techniques such as coprecipitation [9, 10], hydrothermal [11], micro-emulsion [12], sol–gel [13, 14], solution combustion, electrochemical methods and solid-based techniques such as mechanochemical method, chemical. The present work emphasises the effect of synthesis conditions on the crystallite size, lattice parameter and lattice strain on ceria nanoparticles. Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate (CAN) and cerium(III)nitrate hexahydrate (CN) were used as the synthetic precursors. The effect of variables such as initial precursors, temperature, aging time, molar concentrations and calcination temperature on lattice parameter and strain is studied
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