Investigation of residual stresses and modeling of tensile deformation in wire-arc additive manufactured 6061 aluminum alloy: Diffraction and elastoplastic self-consistent model

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study the mechanical behavior of 6061 aluminum walls produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing at the different scales of the material. The residual stresses of the parts are characterized on the surface and in the bulk thanks to X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques, respectively. Although the residual stress values determined in the close-surface are low (40 MPa for the maximum value), the mechanical state is different in depth with significant maximum residual stress levels ( ± 100 MPa). Tensile tests carried out on samples extracted from a WAAM wall in three orientations reveal that the mechanical properties of the manufactured material are slightly better compared to conventional material in T6 state. In situ X-ray diffraction experiments have also been performed under uniaxial tensile testing in order to determine strain pole figures. An elasto-plastic self-consistent model considering the microstructural characteristics and the main physical phenomena governing the material behavior, is proposed. The model agrees with the experimental data and the simulations reproduce the main features observed at the scale of the diffracting volume.