Abstract
BackgroundThe potential genotoxic activity associated with high strength real paracetamol (PCT) wastewater (COD = 40,000 mg/L, TOC = 12,000 mg/L, BOD5 = 19,320 mg/L) from a large-scale drug-producing plant in the Marmara Region, was investigated in pre- and post- treated wastewater by the Fenton process (COD = 2,920 mg/L, TOC = 880 mg/L; BOD5 = 870 mg/L).MethodsThe SOS Chromotest, which is based on Escherichia coli PQ37 activities, was used for the assessment of genotoxicity. The corrected induction factors (CIF) values used as quantitative measurements of the genotoxic activity were obtained from a total of four different dilutions (100, 50, 6.25, and 0.078 % v/v.) for two samples, in triplicate, to detect potentially genotoxic activities with the SOS Chromotest.ResultsThe results of the SOS Chromotest demonstrated CIFmax value of 1.24, indicating that the PCT effluent (non-treated) is genotoxic. The results of the SOS Chromotest showed an CIFmax value of 1.72, indicating that the wastewater treated by Fenton process is genotoxic.ConclusionsThe findings of this study clearly reveal that the PCT wastewater (non-treated) samples have a potentially hazardous impact on the aquatic environment before treatment, and in the wastewater that was treated by the Fenton process, genotoxicity generally increased.
Highlights
Pharmaceutical drugs can reach the aquatic environment from domestic waste or industrial wastewater, hospitals, and health care centers [1]
In the present study, the SOS Chromotest based on Escherichia coli PQ37 activities was used for the assessment of genotoxicity of samples of real PCT wastewater before and after the wastewater was treated by the Fenton process
An appraisal of the genotoxicity of the PCT samples before and after treatment is as follows: (a) for the real PCT wastewater: of a total of four samples tested, one was positive that corrected induction factors (CIF) = 1.24 (25 %), and (b) for the PCT wastewater treated by the Fenton process: of a total of four samples tested, three were positive that CIF = 1.25, 1.50, and 1.72 (75 %)
Summary
Pharmaceutical drugs can reach the aquatic environment from domestic waste or industrial wastewater, hospitals, and health care centers [1]. AOPs are more appropriate than conventional methods to treat pharmaceutical wastewater [7]. The potential genotoxic activity associated with high strength real paracetamol (PCT) wastewater (COD = 40,000 mg/L, TOC = 12,000 mg/L, BOD5 = 19,320 mg/L) from a large-scale drug-producing plant in the Marmara Region, was investigated in pre- and post- treated wastewater by the Fenton process (COD = 2,920 mg/L, TOC = 880 mg/L; BOD5 = 870 mg/L). Methods: The SOS Chromotest, which is based on Escherichia coli PQ37 activities, was used for the assessment of genotoxicity. The corrected induction factors (CIF) values used as quantitative measurements of the genotoxic activity were obtained from a total of four different dilutions (100, 50, 6.25, and 0.078 % v/v.) for two samples, in triplicate, to detect potentially genotoxic activities with the SOS Chromotest
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