Investigation of Post Vaccination Reactions of Two Live Attenuated Vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle.

Zahra Bamouh,Khalid Omari Tadlaoui,Slimane Khayi,Eeva Tuppurainen,Ouafaa Fassi Fihri,Jihane Hamdi,Siham Fellahi,Mohammed Jazouli,Mehdi Elharrak

doi:10.3390/vaccines9060621

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes an economically important disease in cattle. The only method for successful control is early diagnosis and efficient vaccination. Adverse effects of vaccination such as local inflammation at the injection site and localized or generalized skin lesions in some vaccinated animals have been reported with live vaccines. The aim of this work was to compare the safety of two lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccine strains, Kenyan (Kn) Sheep and Goat Pox (KSGP O-240) and LSDV Neethling (Nt) strain, and to determine the etiology of the post-vaccination (pv) reactions observed in cattle. Experimental cattle were vaccinated under controlled conditions with Nt- and KSGP O-240-based vaccines, using two different doses, and animals were observed for 3 months for any adverse reactions. Three out of 45 cattle vaccinated with LSDV Nt strain (6.7%) and three out of 24 cattle vaccinated with Kn strain (12.5%) presented LSD-like skin nodules, providing evidence that the post-vaccination lesions may not be strain-dependent. Lesions appeared 1–3 weeks after vaccination and were localized in the neck or covering the whole body. Animals recovered after 3 weeks. There is a positive correlation between the vaccine dose and the appearance of skin lesions in vaccinated animals; at the 105 dose, 12% of the animals reacted versus 3.7% at the 104 dose. Both strains induced solid immunity when protection was measured by neutralizing antibody seroconversion.

Highlights

Introduction published maps and institutional affilLumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating infectious disease of cattle occurring in Africa, the Middle East, southeastern Europe, northern Caucasus, the RussianFederation, the Indian subcontinent, and south, east, and southeast Asia with a high economic importance [1]
Lumpy skin disease infections in cattle range from inapparent to severe manifestations, producing clinical symptoms such as fever associated with a marked reduction in milk yield, ocular and nasal discharge, hypersalivation, and enlarged lymph nodes
The lumpy skin disease (LSD) Nt strain used in this experiment showed 100% similarity with sequence data from LSDN stored in the GenBank (ID: AF409138)

Summary

Introduction

Introduction published maps and institutional affilLumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating infectious disease of cattle occurring in Africa, the Middle East, southeastern Europe, northern Caucasus, the RussianFederation, the Indian subcontinent, and south, east, and southeast Asia with a high economic importance [1]. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating infectious disease of cattle occurring in Africa, the Middle East, southeastern Europe, northern Caucasus, the Russian. Lumpy skin disease is caused by the LSD virus (LSDV), belonging to the Poxviridae family, genus Capripoxvirus [2]. Direct transmission is not considered a major route of transmission during epizootics, it may occur by contact through contaminated saliva, semen, milk, or skin lesions [4,5,6,7,8,9]. Lumpy skin disease infections in cattle range from inapparent to severe manifestations, producing clinical symptoms such as fever associated with a marked reduction in milk yield, ocular and nasal discharge, hypersalivation, and enlarged lymph nodes. Lumpy skin disease is characterized by cutaneous nodules of 2–5 cm in diameter across different body locations that evolve into iations

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