Abstract
Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of lipophilic algal toxins. These toxins have been found in algae and shellfish from Japan, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway and Portugal. PTX profiles vary with geographic location of collection site. The aim of the present study was to investigate PTX profiles from the Yellow Sea, China. The sampling location was within an aquatic farm (N36°12.428′, E120°17.826′) near the coast of Qingdao, China, in the Yellow Sea from 28 July to 29 August 2006. PTXs in seawater were determined using a solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) method. PTXs were analyzed by HPLC-MSMS. PTX-2, PTX-2 sec acid (PTX-2 SA) and 7-epi-PTX-2 SA were found in seawater samples. The highest levels of PTXs (107 ng/g of resin PTX-2, 50 ng/g of resin PTX-2 SA plus 7-epi-PTX-2 SA) in seawater were found on 1 August, 2006. From 1 August to 29 August, the levels of PTX-2 and PTX-2 SA decreased. In the same area, the marine algae, Dinophysis acuminata was found in the seawater in the summer months of 2006. This indicated that Dinophysis acuumuta might be the original source of PTXs. PTX-11 and PTX-12a/b were not found in seawater.
Highlights
The marine algae, Dinophysis acuminata was found in the seawater in the summer months of 2006
Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of lipophilic toxins found in dinoflagellates Dinophysis fortii, D. acuta, D. acuminata, D. caudata and D. norvegica [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
In 2006 solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) discs were given from Norwegian National Veterinary Institute (NVI) as gifts to investigate the toxin contents in seawater from Qingdao Bay, the Yellow Sea, China
Summary
Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of lipophilic toxins found in dinoflagellates Dinophysis fortii, D. acuta, D. acuminata, D. caudata and D. norvegica [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. The toxin profiles of seawater, algae and bivalve shellfish have a close relationship. Bivalve shellfish accumulate toxins by filtering toxic algae. In the investigation of PTXs in seawater, the absorption efficiency of HP-20 resin shows that it can accumulate significantly greater amount of lipophilic toxins than the other resins, such as SP 825, SP. In 2006 SPATT discs were given from Norwegian National Veterinary Institute (NVI) as gifts to investigate the toxin contents in seawater from Qingdao Bay, the Yellow Sea, China. In this area the main aquiculture species include scallop Chlamys farreri, oyster Crassostrea gigas, blue mussel Mytilus edulis and Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Oysters and Manila clams are cultured in the bottom sowing
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