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Abstract
Electrical annealing (EA) is one of the post treatments to enhance the electrical performances of organic devices. To date, the improvements using EA have only been reported for the solution-processed devices because its mechanism has been known as the alignments of ionic impurities or polymer chains. In this paper, we applied EA to thermally evaporated organic diodes which not have ionic impurities or polymer chains. After EA, the turn-on voltage of the diode was reduced, and the forward-bias current of the diode was increased without changing the reverse-bias current, resulting in an improvement of the cutoff frequency of the rectifier. In addition, we proposed a new mechanism to explain why the EA can be applied to the thermally evaporated organic devices. Based on time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and impedance spectra, we suggest that this improvement is due to the creation of a MoO3:pentacene mixed layer, leading to ease of charge injection. We believe that our finding will be helpful to understand change at the organic/metal interfaces and useful to apply a wide range of organic devices such as organic photovoltaics, organic light-emitting diodes, and organic thin-film transistors.
Highlights
Organic electronics have been extensively studied for applications in low-cost integrated circuits [1]–[3]
The results revealed that the forward-bias current density of the pentacene diode increased dramatically without an increase of the reverse-bias leakage current after Electrical annealing (EA), leading to improvement of the frequency performance of the rectifier based on the pentacene diode
When the annealing voltage of 6 V was applied, the turn-on voltage of the diode was reduced from 1.25 ± 0.06 to 0.43 ± 0.06 V and the forward-bias current of that was increased from 1.49 × 10−4 ± 5.69 × 10−5 to 1.18 × 10−3 ± 3.56 × 10−4 A at 3 V without a change of the reverse-bias current, resulting in the improved rectification ratio from 6.46 × 103 ± 3.16 × to 4.42 × ± 1.77 × 104 at 3 V, as shown in Fig. 2(d) and 2(e)
Summary
Organic electronics have been extensively studied for applications in low-cost integrated circuits [1]–[3]. The technology of a low-cost radio frequency identification (RFID) tag is expected to connect all objects, facilitating internet of things (IoT) and their applications [4]. One of the key elements in RFID tags is a rectifier, which supplies DC power to circuits by converting the radio frequency signal into a DC power source. Papers have successfully demonstrated organic rectifiers operated at 13.56 MHz, which is the current standard frequency of high-frequency RFID (HF-RFID) tags [5], [6]. Several problems such as low operation voltage, high power consumption, low power efficiency, and heat dissipation remain owing to the low-performance of organic diodes.
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