Investigation of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Sustainability of Aquatic Ecosystems in Jabi Lake, Abuja

Abstract

The discharge of pollutants into freshwater ecosystems threatens environmental health and human means of livelihoods, especially in regions reliant on fisheries. This study explores the intricate relationship between aquatic toxicity and the Fauna sustainability in Jabi Lake, Abuja. Focusing on Clarias gariepinus, fish species. Nine fish samples and three water samples from Jabi Lake, Abuja, were analyzed for five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe), using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results revealed permissible heavy metal concentrations in fish and water, according to FAO standards. However, prolonged exposure raises concerns for human health. Mean values for metal concentrations in fish (Cu 0.22±0.01 to 0.23±0.01 mg/kg; Zn 2.12±0.01 to 2.24±0.09 mg/kg; Pb 0.01±0.005 to 0.02±0.005 mg/kg; Mn 0.34±0.02 to 0.5±0.03 mg/kg; Fe 4.24±0.06 to 5.78±0.51 mg/kg), while in water (Cu 0.34±0.02 to 0.52±0.01 mg/l; Zn 2.91±0.045 to 3.2±0.19 mg/l; Pb 0.01±0.005 to 0.02±0.005 mg/l; Mn 0.71±0.01 to 0.9±0.02 mg/l; Fe 5.21±0.01 to 5.97±0.02 mg/l) were within permissible limits, except for Mn and Fe in water, which exceeded the WHO standards. Statistical analyses, including the student’s t-test (P<0.05), show significant differences in Pb, Zn, and Mn concentrations in fish and water, but not in Cu and Fe. Anthropogenic activities like construction, sand filling, illegal fishing, and waste disposal contribute to fish diversity depletion, affecting vulnerable species like Catfish, Tilapia, Nile Perch, and Crayfish. The study noted declining incomes for local fishers due to disappearing fish species. While Catfish muscle’s metal concentrations meet FAO standards, ongoing monitoring is vital to preserve the ecosystem and safeguard human health. Mitigating anthropogenic activities and protecting vulnerable species are imperative for environmental integrity and community well-being.