Abstract
This paper is to review how to investigate the interactions between groundwater and seawater. Those interactions divide into two, which are submarine groundwater discharge and seawater intrusion. This investigation is important because the interactions can give impact to coastal aquifer and marine ecosystem. On land, fresh groundwater is vulnerable to seawater disturbance. Coastal aquifer is under pressure from abstraction caused by population, industry, and agriculture. The pumping can induce seawater intrusion and land subsidence. Then in marine, seawater mixes with freshwater and it decreases salinity. Low salinity will influence marine ecosystem. The ecosystem will be disturbed by groundwater discharge if that water is contaminated. Based on the argue investigation of groundwater-seawater interactions is important and must be accurate because the results are used for coastal water management. To investigate the interactions data, i.e., lithology, pumping tests, hydrochemical data, sea level rise estimates, precipitation data, geophysics, environmental isotopes, and drilling information, should be compiled. The interaction can feed a model to determine how much groundwater extraction happening on coastal areas to prevent seawater intrusion and land subsidence. Water resources management on coasts should consider groundwater-seawater interactions.
Highlights
A coast is an area formed by land and ocean interactions
This paper is to review how to investigate the interactions between groundwater and seawater. Those interactions divide into two, which are submarine groundwater discharge and seawater intrusion. This investigation is important because the interactions can give impact to coastal aquifer and marine ecosystem
Based on the argue investigation of groundwater-seawater interactions is important and must be accurate because the results are used for coastal water management
Summary
A coast is an area formed by land and ocean interactions. This area has strategic position with large natural resources. Excessive groundwater pumping in coastal areas could trigger seawater intrusion, even creating land subsidence. Seawater intrusion and upconing make coastal aquifer vulnerable to salinization [1]. Groundwater as a source of drinking water has potential to be contaminated by seawater, especially in the shallow aquifer. The interactions between groundwater and seawater can be divided into two water flows: groundwater flows into the ocean (submarine groundwater discharge), and seawater flows into an aquifer (seawater intrusion). The boundary between fresh groundwater and seawater is called interface, which is Ghyben-Herzberg relationship theory. Ghyben and Herzberg concept is when two fluids with different constant densities (fresh and saline water) create a mixing zone [3].
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