Abstract
The electronic nature of transition metal oxides and their role in changing the electrical conductivity of glasses has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron and X-ray excited Auger Spectroscopy. Evidence for the presence of copper in the Cu+ oxidation state in copper-sodium-germanate glasses has been obtained from the "shake up" satellite structure of the Cu 2p line. The observed Cu LVV Auger line shapes are significantly different in glasses and this indicates a different bonding environment of Cu in the glass matrix. The reduction of electrical conductivity with the increase of copper contents has been explained in terms of cluster formation (phase separation) and to some extent due to the bonding of copper atoms with glass matrix. Similarly, we have found that in nickel doped vanadium phosphate glasses, nickel may exist in two different phases, viz. nickel aluminate and nickel oxide.
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