Investigation of G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulation of D2 dopamine receptor signaling: effects of GRK2 functional domains and pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of GRK2 activity

Abstract

The D2 dopamine (DA) receptor (D2R) signals through two major pathways, namely activation of G proteins and recruitment of β‐arrestin. Agonist binding stabilizes a receptor state that activates G proteins and facilitates receptor phosphorylation by one or more members of the G protein‐coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, and this phosphorylation is known to enhance β‐arrestin recruitment and initiate the process of internalization for many GPCRs. Previously, we found that only GRK2 and GRK3 were involved in D2R phosphorylation in response to agonist stimulation (Namkung et al., JBC: 284: 15038, 2009). In this study, we further investigated the influence of GRK2 on receptor signaling, β‐arrestin recruitment, and internalization of the D2R. Overexpression of GRK2 was found to increase DA‐stimulated β‐arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, whereas it suppressed D2R‐mediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation. In contrast, a catalytically inactive GRK2 mutant (GRK2‐K220R) did not affect any of these functional outputs suggesting that GRK2 kinase activity is required to influence D2R signaling. A disabling mutation of the GRK2 RGS homology (RH) domain (GRK2‐D110A) behaved similarly as WT GRK2, suggesting that this domain is not required for GRK2’s regulatory effects on the D2R. Finally, overexpression of a GRK2 construct containing a mutation in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain (GRK2‐R587Q), which negates GRK2 interaction with Gβγ subunits, increased DA‐stimulated β‐arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization (more than observed with WT GRK2), but did not affect D2R regulation of cAMP accumulation, indicating that this GRK2 domain is involved in regulating some, but not all, aspects of D2R signaling. To study D2R regulation in the complete absence of GRK2, we utilized a cell line in which GRK2 expression was knocked out using CRISPR‐Cas9 technology. DA‐stimulated β‐arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization were decreased, but not eliminated, in the GRK2 KO cells suggesting that, while GRK2 may be facilitatory, it is not essential for these processes. In parallel studies we characterized the effects of Compound 101, a dual GRK2/3 inhibitor. Compound 101 was found to negate GRK2 interactions with the D2R and attenuate, but not eliminate, β‐arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization. In contrast, in the GRK2 KO cells, Compound 101 had no effect on the residual DA‐stimulated β‐arrestin recruitment. In conclusion, our data suggest that different GRK2 domains affect specific regulatory pathways of the D2R and that both agonist‐induced β‐arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization can occur in the absence of GRK2 interactions with the D2R.Support or Funding InformationNINDS Intramural Research Program