Abstract
A new planetary-type rod-mill machine that we developed for use at a research institute improves the working efficiency of comminution. It also prevents the generation of soil dust, and the jar is easy to keep clean. This device breaks up clods into soil of a small particle size (<2-mm diam.) within two minutes. The performance of our device is sufficiently satisfactory compared with other conventional machines. However, the exact crushing mechanism remains unclear. We sought to answer questions such as what kinds of strains cause the crushing of clods in the rotating jar, whether or not the maximum strength exceeds the yield stress of the soil, and what is the function of rods during quick crushing. An objective of this study was to understand fundamental mechanisms of crushing clods to further improve the milling device. We carried out compression and shear stress tests using a vibrating container and shearing device to observe the crushing mechanism due to a single stress acting on a clod. We used a charged-coupled device digital camera to visually capture the crushing event in these tests. We found the centrifugal forces produced by rotation of our machine’s jar to be much smaller than the critical forces of the amorphous yield point of the clods. The crushing occurs actually in a short time if two rods are in the jar. Soil dust observed in the early stage of the crushing process is produced because the surface of a soil clod is worn initially by shearing forces caused by the rods. After the surface of a clod is scraped, it fragments into small particles catastrophically. The shearing forces exerted by the rods are more effective than the compressive forces in comminution by our rod-mill machine. These results suggest that the cause of crushing clod is the sharing forces acting on the clod for the initial stage.
Highlights
Several ways to comminute a soil have been devised: using pestles, mortars, and sieves, by hand; using milling machines, with rods, balls, hammer, and air jets applied to soils in a jar; using mechanical crushers, powered by electricity to apply jaws, gyrating rods, rollers, and disc and edge runners
We sought to answer questions such as what kinds of strains cause the crushing of clods in the rotating jar, whether or not the maximum strength exceeds the yield stress of the soil, and what is the function of rods during quick crushing
We carried out compression and shear stress tests using a vibrating container and shearing device to observe the crushing mechanism due to a single stress acting on a clod
Summary
Several ways to comminute a soil have been devised: using pestles, mortars, and sieves, by hand; using milling machines, with rods, balls, hammer, and air jets applied to soils in a jar; using mechanical crushers, powered by electricity to apply jaws, gyrating rods, rollers, and disc and edge runners. Vogel and Peukert [2] developed an approach to quantify crushing based on using two theoretically derived material parameters and dimensional analysis while considering mechanical fracturing One of these parameters is the resistance of particulate material to fracturing in impact comminution, and the other parameter is specific energy. Caicedo et al [12] proposed an analytical model to calculate the evolution of particle-size distribution due to crushing of granular materials We have found their model to be useful for describing experimental results. We noted that occasional impacts of rods that we had put in the jar with the clods led to sudden soil fragmentation These observations suggest ways to improve performance of our device and to make future changes in its design. The shearing forces caused by planetary rotation produced by the rods are more effective than the compressive forces in comminution by our rod-mill machine
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