Investigation of fumigant efficacy in flour mills under real-world fumigation conditions

Abstract

Fumigation experiments under laboratory conditions are common but due to a number of factors, fumigation experiments under real-world conditions are difficult and rare. This study was aimed at providing an insight into efficacy evaluations of fumigants based on insect mortality data under real-world conditions. A total of eight sulfuryl fluoride (SF) and three methyl bromide (MB) fumigations were performed in four different flour mills in the Midwestern United States. Bioassays were undertaken with all insect life stages (i.e., eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) placed inside fumigated structures. In addition, in most of the fumigations, environmental conditions (e.g., prevailing wind, temperature, and relative humidity) and gas concentrations were monitored. Complete mortality was obtained for the adults and larvae of both insect species, and for the pupae of P. interpunctella. Some T. castaneum pupae survived in all three MB fumigations and in one SF fumigation. In addition, some exposed eggs were able to reach the adult stage in one MB and four SF fumigations. The methodology and procedures presented can be used in future field studies of fumigant efficacy.