Abstract
In this work, a multi-functional nanoparticle (TiO2-KH570-DOPO) has been successfully synthesized through the attachment of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxyl silane on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as the solvent in order to increase the grafting level. The chemical structure of TiO2-KH570-DOPO was fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The modified TiO2 was incorporated into flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). The fire performance of FPUF blends was evaluated using microscale combustion calorimetry. Peak heat release rate and total heat release values were reduced from 657.0 W/g and 28.9 kJ/g for neat FPUF sample to 519.2 W/g and 26.8 kJ/g of FPUF specimen containing 10 wt % of TiO2-KH570-DOPO. Analysis of thermal stability and the observation of char formation suggests that TiO2-KH570-DOPO is active in the condensed phase.
Highlights
Due to high resilience and low density, flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) are widely used in everyday items, such as vehicles and furniture [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Neat FPUF and the flame retardant FPUF blends were prepared by a conventional one-pot and free-rise method
DOPO has been successfully prepared based on the results from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Summary
Due to high resilience and low density, flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) are widely used in everyday items, such as vehicles and furniture [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The incorporation of flame retardants has been widely applied to enhance the fire resistance of FPUFs. Halogen-containing, phosphorus-based, intumescent flame retardants (IFR), metal hydroxides and nanoparticles [7,8,9] have all been used to improve the fire safety of polyurethane materials. High loading of inorganic halogen-free flame retardants (such as metal hydroxides) obviously often degrades the mechanical performance of the polymer matrix. The presence of KH570 facilitates the dispersion of the flame retardant in the polymer matrix [19,20]. KH570-DOPO was selected as a surface modifier for TiO2 in order to improve its compatibility with the matrix. SCCO2 was used as the solvent for the effective production of TiO2 -KH570-DOPO. The morphologies of the residual char were observed and a mode of action for the flame retardant was proposed
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