Investigation of exposure biomarkers in human plasma following differing levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and nicotine in cigarette smoke

Abstract

Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) are strong carcinogens widely found in tobacco products, environmental tobacco smoke, lake, and wastewater. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke with different yields of TSNAs (NNK, NNN, NAT, NAB) and nicotine on the levels of biomarkers of exposure in smokers’ plasma. Three hundred healthy volunteers were recruited comprising 60 smokers of each of 3 mg, 8 mg and 10 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 60 smokers who smoked 10 mg, 8 mg, and 3 mg for 14 days sequentially and 60 non-smokers. All study participants were male, aged from 21 to 45 years old, and were recruited from a same unit in Hebei, China. We measured the levels of NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine in plasma from 240 smokers and 60 non-smokers using a novel method established by online two-dimensional solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine in the plasma of smokers smoking cigarette with low TSNAs and nicotine were lower than that with high TSNAs and nicotine. When smokers switched from higher to lower TSNA yields of cigarettes, their plasma NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB levels significantly decreased. The plasma concentrations of NNAL were significantly correlated with those of cotinine, NNN, NAT and NAB for smokers (p < 0.001). Similarly, the plasma concentrations of cotinine were significantly correlated with those of NNN, NAT and NAB for smokers (p < 0.001). The plasma NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine levels for smokers were significantly higher than those for non-smokers. These findings suggested that the total NNAL, NNN, NAT, NAB and cotinine in plasma were valid and reliable biomarkers for human exposure to TSNAs and nicotine.