Abstract
Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have gained significant attention due to the combination on the advantages of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, the LIC pouch cell was fabricated by an activated carbon (AC) cathode and a Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode. Two organic electrolytes (1 mol L−1 LiBF4/acetonitrile (AN) and 1 mol L−1 LiPF6/ ethylene carbonate (EC) + ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) were chosen and the gas swelling behavior was studied. Compared with the ester-based LIC, the AN-based LIC displays higher energy density of 13.31 Wh kg−1 at 11.4 W kg−1 and even provides a value of 9.1 Wh kg−1 at 1075 W kg−1. Because of the lower DC Resistance of 0.761 mΩ, the maximum power density of the AN-based LIC reaches 12.5 kW kg−1. The AN-based LIC delivers good stability with an energy retention of 88.3% after 900 cycles. It is discovered that the swelling behavior of AN-based LICs is more serious and the major component is H2. The difference of swelling behavior among the LICs, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM)/LTO LIB and AC/AC EDLC is proposed to be caused by the AC electrode and the interfacial reaction of LTO.
Highlights
A lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) [1,2,3,4,5,6] is an energy storage device which combines the advantages of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) and an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)
The LIC displayed the working voltage of 3 V and a packaged energy density of 20 Wh kg−1, which corresponded to a two to three times increase compared with conventional EDLCs at the time
The higher volume fraction of H2 in AN-based LICs leads to more serious gas swelling behavior
Summary
The most prominent feature is the higher energy density compared with the EDLC, and the power density far exceeds batteries. Amatucci et al [1] were among the first to fabricate a prototype LIC with a LTO anode and an AC cathode. The LIC displayed the working voltage of 3 V and a packaged energy density of 20 Wh kg−1 , which corresponded to a two to three times increase compared with conventional EDLCs at the time. The LTO anode exhibits excellent reversibility due to its zero-strain characteristics in the charge and discharge process. LTO demonstrates excellent safety and cyclic performance, making it a potential anode material for high power applications [12,13,14,15,16]
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