Abstract
Aim:This study was carried out to monitor avian influenza (AI) infection in wild birds in Egypt.Materials and Methods:A total of 135 wild birds were examined for the presence of H5, H7, and H9 hemagglutination inhibition antibodies. Organs and swab samples of 75 birds were screened by multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) to detect AI subtypes H5, H7, and H9 matrix genes.Results:The highest seropositive result was recorded in cattle egrets (90.9%) followed by crows (88.6%), semi-captive pigeons (44.8%), and moorhens (39.1%). In cattle egrets, semi-captive pigeons and moorhens, H5 antibodies predominated. In crows, H9 antibodies predominated. Multiple infections with two or three virus subtypes were highest in crows (6/39, 15.4%) followed by cattle egrets (3/30, 10%) and moorhens’ (1/9, 11.1%) positive samples. Multiplex RRT-PCR results revealed two positive samples in cattle egrets and moorhens.Conclusion:The results indicated high seropositive rates against AI virus subtypes H5 and H9 in the examined wild birds. Multiple infections with more than one AI virus (AIV) subtypes were detected in some birds. This requires a collaboration of efforts to monitor AIV infection in wild birds and implement suitable early intervention measures.
Highlights
The spread of influenza viruses is a major cause of global concern for animal and public health [1]
Multiple infections with more than one avian influenza (AI) virus (AIV) subtypes were detected in some birds
This requires a collaboration of efforts to monitor AIV infection in wild birds and implement suitable early intervention measures
Summary
The spread of influenza viruses is a major cause of global concern for animal and public health [1]. Influenza Type A viruses are the only viruses reported to cause natural infection in birds They are subtyped on the basis of characteristics of surface glycoproteins; the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) proteins into 16 HA (H1H16) and nine NA (N1-N9) subtypes [2]. According to their pathogenicity to poultry, they are divided into two groups, namely, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). The HPAI viruses (HPAIVs) are restricted to strains that belong to H5 and H7 subtypes They are lethal to chickens and turkeys and have a variable effect in water fowls and wild birds [3]. Fouchier and Munster [5] reported that
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