Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment disorder which causes inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity, that directly leads to the learning disability. The conventional ADHD assessment method such as behavioural rating scale requires long term behavior observation and subjective interpretation which may lead to misleading result. Over the past decades, there have been exponential growth in the research in biomedical engineering perspective such as Electroencephalograph (EEG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and electrodermal responding to identify accurate and objective measurements in ADHD assessment. Nevertheless, a clear definitive picture which link neuropsychological, behavioral, and neurophysiological research has yet to develop. The purpose of this study is to investigate ADHD in children aged from 7 to 14 years old at primary schools in Malaysia using Electro Interstitial Scan (EIS) technology which based on chronoamperometry technique. There are total of 182 children data have been collected, which consist of 58 ADHD children (study group) and 124 healthy children (control group). All subjects will undergo EIS measurement and the SPSS statistical analysis was conducted on the primary and secondary EIS parameters to identify significant level in differentiating ADHD and non-ADHD children. The statistical analysis result shows that EIS system reflects significant difference between control group and study group for both primary parameters (EIS channels 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17 and 18) and secondary parameters (brain and neurotransmitter related parameters) (p <; 0.05). This study concludes that EIS system has good potential in providing a new measurable marker to complement the conventional assessment of ADHD as confirmatory decision support system.
Highlights
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common emotional, cognitive, and behavioural neurodevelopmental disorders and can be characterized by behavioural symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which begin prevalently at preschool stage [1]
According to the latest statistics reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2018, there is approximately 9.4% of children with 2-17 years old of age (6.1 millions) had ever been diagnosed with ADHD based on parent report in 2016 [3]
The aim of this study was to identify a novel assessment with objective measurement based on quantitative marker to support the conventional assessment of ADHD in children
Summary
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common emotional, cognitive, and behavioural neurodevelopmental disorders and can be characterized by behavioural symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which begin prevalently at preschool stage [1]. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ADHD has three subtypes: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD/HI), predominantly. Inattentive (ADHD/I) and combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive (ADHD/C) [2]. A cross-sectional metaanalysis which involved a total of 97 studies (86 studies on children and 11 studies on adults) containing 175,800 samples, stated that ADHD/I is the most common subtype across all groups, with the exception of preschool children, where ADHD/HI type is more prevalent.
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