Abstract
In this paper, the electromechanical displacements of curved actuators such as THUNDERare calculated by the finite-element method to design the optimal configuration of curvedactuators. To predict the internal stress in the device due to the mismatch in coefficients ofthermal expansion, the adhesive as well as metal and PZT ceramic is also numericallymodeled by using hexahedral solid elements. Also, the nonlinear finite-element formulationis implemented to include the variation of material constants during the curing process andacquire more accurate actuating displacements. Because the modeling of these thinlayers causes the numbers of degree of freedom to increase, large-scale structuralanalyses are performed in a cluster system in this study. The curved shape andinternal stress in the actuator are obtained by the cured curvature analysis, andthe displacement subject to the piezoelectric force by an applied voltage is alsocalculated to investigate the performance of curved actuators. The thickness of metalsand adhesive, and the number of metal layers, are chosen as design variables.
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