Investigation of a vanA linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium outbreak in the Southwest Indian Ocean (Reunion Island)

Abstract

IntroductionDual resistance to linezolid and glycopeptides is a milestone reached by certain extensively drug-resistant (XDR) enterococci. This paper describes the molecular and epidemiological investigations of a linezolid-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) (LVREf) outbreak in the French overseas territory of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). MethodsAll vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) isolates detected on Reunion Island between 2015 and 2019 were included in the study. The VRE isolates were phenotypically characterised and genetically explored by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). ResultsSixteen vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREf) isolates were retrieved between 2015 and 2019. Seven isolates obtained in 2019 were involved in the outbreak. These seven LVREf isolates from the 2019 outbreak at the University Hospital of Reunion Island (UHRI) were suspected to be related to a linezolid-susceptible VREf strain imported from India. An epidemiological link was highlighted for six of the seven outbreak cases. All the LVREf outbreak isolates were obtained from rectal swabs (colonisation) and resistant to vancomycin (MIC > 128 mg/L) and linezolid (MIC 8–32 mg/L); one isolate was also resistant to daptomycin (MIC 8 mg/L). The seven outbreak isolates were positive for the vanA and optrA genes and belonged to ST761. ConclusionsThese results argue for the strict application of control and prevention measures for VRE clones at high risk of spread, particularly in areas such as Reunion Island where the risk of importation from the Indian subcontinent is high. The regional spread of optrA linezolid-resistance genes in VRE isolates is a matter of concern, due to possibility of treatment failure.