Abstract
The search for cheap, corrosion-resistant, thermally-mechanically stable functional magnetic materials, including soft magnetic and magneto-caloric materials has led to research focused on high entropy alloys (HEAs). Previous research shows that alloying elements with negative enthalpies of mixing can facilitate a second-order phase transition. On the other side of the spectrum, compositional segregation cause by positive enthalpy of mixing alloying additions (such as Cu) may also be used to tune magnetic properties. This paper studies the structural, magnetic and magneto-caloric effect of the FCC alloys CoFeNiCr y Cu x (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, y = 0.0, 0.8 and 1.0) to tune these properties with Cu and Cr alloying. Scanning electron microscopy of the compositions show nanoparticles forming within the grains as the Cu concentration increases. Cr addition to CoFeNiCu1.0 has a larger effect on the magnetic and magneto-caloric properties compared to the Cu addition to CoFeNiCr1.0. The addition of Cu (x = 0.5) to CoFeNiCr1.0 improved both the saturation magnetisation and Curie temperature; addition of Cr (y = 1.0) to CoFeNiCu1.0 decreased the Curie temperature by 900 K. All alloys were determined to have a second-order phase transition around their Curie temperature. The refrigerant capacity at 2 T was found to be similar to existing HEAs, although the Curie temperatures were lower than room temperature. Based on this data the CoFeNiCr0.8Cu composition was fabricated to increase the Curie temperature towards 300 K to explore these HEAs as new candidates for room temperature magneto-caloric applications. The fabricated composition showed Curie temperature, saturation magnetisation, and refrigerant capacity increasing with the small reduction in Cr content.
Highlights
Modern developed life relies on refrigeration for many reasons including: preserving food, cri pt controlling the environment of homes or workplaces, and freezing medical samples
This accounts for around 186 billion kWh of electricity every year [3]. This energy inefficiency coupled with a high demand for refrigerating devices creates a need for lower energy refrigeration technologies, which are more efficient than the current vapour gas cycle. One such method uses the magneto-caloric effect (MCE), the reversible temperature change of a magnetic material when an external magnetic field is applied in adiabatic conditions [4]
Y being transition metals and Z a P block element [9], and La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites [10], among others. These magneto-caloric materials can be tuned so that their Curie temperature (Tc) is around 250 - 300 K to allow for room temperature refrigeration
Summary
Modern developed life relies on refrigeration for many reasons including: preserving food, cri pt controlling the environment of homes or workplaces, and freezing medical samples. This energy inefficiency coupled with a high demand for refrigerating devices creates a need for lower energy refrigeration technologies, which are more efficient than the current vapour gas cycle One such method uses the magneto-caloric effect (MCE), the reversible temperature change of a magnetic material when an external magnetic field is applied in adiabatic conditions [4]. Y being transition metals and Z a P block element [9], and La1-xCaxMnO3 manganites [10], among others These magneto-caloric materials can be tuned so that their Curie temperature (Tc) is around 250 - 300 K to allow for room temperature refrigeration. Whilst improving our understanding of material properties, this research allows assessment of whether tuning the composition of CoFeNiCryCux has the capability to achieve a competitive refrigerant capacity at room temperature
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