Abstract
An increasing percentage of ethanol in fuel leads to significant changes in polarity and solubility, which makes conventional gasoline deposit control additives (DCAs) difficult to dissolve in ethanol fuels, resulting in the formation of deposits on engine elements. Critical areas of deposit formation in an engine are constituted by inlet valves, combustion chambers, and fuel injectors. As a consequence, operational parameters of the engine are disturbed to a large extent by the total effect of the deposits. To prevent the aforementioned phenomena, in the operation of engines fueled with ethanol-containing blends, it is necessary to use specifically prepared DCAs. The paper briefly presents a process of development of DCAs dedicated to high-ethanol fuels. Each of the prepared DCA formulations contained a substance having detergent-emulsifying properties (referred to in the text as DEM), a carrier oil, and a solvent. The composition and ratios of components used in the DCA, by testing their effectiveness in engine deposit formation, are verified. A motor station and a test procedure developed for this purpose were used. In search of alternative solutions to conventional polyisobutyleneamines (PIBA) and polyetheramines (PEA) surfactants, which have good solubility in hydrocarbons but not in ethanol, a substance with a benzoxazine structure and a Mannich base were synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) DCAs were developed, and the effectiveness of their action was verified. Moreover, attention was paid to the dosage level of the DEM and the carrier oil in the DCA. Finally, it was confirmed in the studies carried out that DCAs used for improvement of conventional hydrocarbon engine gasolines are not efficient enough when used in E85 fuels. In the case of the latter, DCAs that have been specifically developed for such fuels should be used, because they have a different chemical structure, and are soluble in the ethanol-gasoline mixture in any ratio of both components.
Highlights
IntroductionThe fundamental criterion determining the possibility of using an alternative fuel for currently used vehicles is its pro-ecological properties, and ethanol fuels are characterized by such properties [1,2,3]
This paper briefly presents a process of development of deposit control additives (DCAs) batches dedicated to high-ethanol fuels
The process of selecting the composition and proportions of DCA components is of great importance, which is described in the article
Summary
The fundamental criterion determining the possibility of using an alternative fuel for currently used vehicles is its pro-ecological properties, and ethanol fuels are characterized by such properties [1,2,3]. This does not mean that the use of ethanol-containing fuels is not connected to various problems and hazards for an engine’s operation. These problems require a solution for the safe and effective use of ethanol fuels
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