Abstract
A major problem in teaching science is the overcoming of misconceptions. Reif found a procedure specifying a science concept. Neglect of this procedure can induce misconceptions. To find what can prevent misconceptions, students entering engineering were tested to see whether they understood easy problems of movement requiring the concept of inverse proportionality. The test comprised questions about time needed by a vehicle in both linear and diagrammatic form using different representations given to the students. Science misconceptions were investigated by comparison of the answers given to the same problem using different representations of the problem. The misconceptions demonstrated by the answers confirmed models of misconceptions such as Piaget's and Reif's. Reif found a procedural concept providing a more detailed specification of a concept, which helps to avoid imprecision, which can easily creep into verbal definition statements. This was confirmed in this study. Students' conceptual knowledge was found to be highly incorrect because of confusion with preexisting knowledge acquired in daily life resulting in scientific misconceptions. It was confirmed that imprecision easily creeps into verbal definition statements, which would be avoided by explicit specification of a concept eventually recalled by a drawing. Regarding the results of this study, drawings seem to protect best from misconceptions and this does not depend on other material given to the students. In teaching science, more emphasis should be on procedures specifying concepts as outlined by Reif.
Highlights
A major problem in teaching science is the overcoming of misconceptions
Every step should be pointed out in the teaching process. This procedural concept provides a more detailed and explicit specification of a concept and helps to avoid imprecision, which can creep into verbal definition statements (Reif 1987, 1995)
How to avoid students' misconception based on the first part by using the correct representations In cognitive science, there is little literature on how drawing, as a particular representation, can prevent students from misconceptions
Summary
Reif found a procedure specifying a science concept Neglect of this procedure can induce misconceptions. The educational and cognitive sciences have given intensive consideration to naive beliefs as well as misconceptions in physics (Bao et al 2002; Kautz et al 2002, 2004, 2005a,b) such as the common misconception speed proportional force rather than acceleration proportional force (Bao et al 2002; Halloun and Hestenes 1987; McCloskey 1983; Rebello and Zollman 2004). Misconceptions in the minds of students about movement like this were studied in depth by McCloskey (1983), Halloun and Hestenes (1987) and Rebello and Zollman (2004). Misconceptions in application of mathematics to physics have been studied by Reif (1987) and Resnick (1985)
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