Abstract
The purpose of the study is to investigate the comparative field performance of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Classic (Bluetooth) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) signal modes for integration in vehicle–pedestrian collision warning systems. The study compares these wireless signal modes to find out which one is most appropriate to be utilized in these systems and provides better results in terms of accuracy and functionality. Five factors including received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-distance relationship, rainfall effects on the signals, motion effects, non-line of sight effects and signal transmission rates were selected for evaluation. These factors were selected considering the requirements of vehicle–pedestrian collision warning systems and compared with each other based on experimental outcomes. The results of the experiments indicated the overall superiority of BLE mode over Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modes to be utilized in these systems. Application of this mode may provide the possibility of fast collision warnings thanks to low signal transmission intervals and high probability of simultaneous signal detections by multiple signals scanners. Moreover, the capability of this mode to accurately estimate distance and position is higher than Wi-Fi mode and not significantly different from Bluetooth mode.
Highlights
received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is a parameter obtained in signal scanning which may be used for finding the distance between a beacon and a signal scanner and, has the potential to be used in beacon positioning
The aim of the research was finding out which wireless signal mode is the most proper to be integrated in vehicle–pedestrian collision warning systems in terms of accuracy and functionality
RSSI-distance relationship, precipitation effects on the signals, motion effects, non-line of sight effects, and signal transmission rates were selected for evaluation as the important factors in comparing the suitability of the three signal modes for collision warning systems
Summary
In 2019, 6519 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in the US and Canada. This was equal to one death every 81 min and involved 17.2% of all traffic fatalities during this year [1,2]. Most pedestrian detection sensors are visual or radar-based with significant limitations in certain conditions. They are not always reliable and may only be considered as a backup rather than a self-sufficient system for collision avoidance. Conditions in which pedestrians may not be detected by these systems are often specified in a vehicle owner’s manual. Detection rates of camera systems significantly decline at nighttime, during precipitations, and in foggy weather conditions
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